In this configuration, wed say that R2 and R3 are in parallel with each other, while R1 is in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3. Whether you're seeking an increase in voltage or amp-hour capacity it's . The voltage across a component. Thanks for dropping by & the comment, Marco! These provide better theoretical understanding of the concepts of passive stretching, plyometric exercises, etc. Definition. The most common way it's done is by splitting the flow at the GPU block . All Rights Reserved. {\displaystyle L} Rules regarding Series and Parallel Circuits In addition to irritability, contractility, extensibility, extensibility, elasticity is one of the properties of a muscle, necessary for optimal function[7]. Our website is made possible by displaying certain online content using javascript. Then the value of k is found using the following formula: 1/ k = 1/ k1 + 1/k2. How To Treat Erectile Dysfunction Naturally, Effective Treatment to Cure Premature Ejaculation. These greatly affect the circuit. Theres alot more to series vs parallel speaker wiring than you may realize. Parallel Circuits Calculations. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Parallel tube routing is done for aesthetics and to make routing easier. Series Elastic Component. The series-elastic component absorbs some of the tension as a muscle contracts, and it must be pulled tight before muscle contraction can result in muscle shortening. What we can say is that the 40 \(\Omega\) and 160 \(\Omega\) resistors are in series with each other as they must each see the same current. Compared to connecting loudspeakers with series, parallel speakers have fewer disadvantages. It is defined based on the ordinary differential equation: Muscles present viscoelasticity, therefore a viscous damper may be included in the model, when the dynamics of the second-order critically damped twitch is regarded. This means that the crossover frequency changes greatly, allowing unwanted sound to pass to a speaker or speakers. Similarly, it is not a parallel network because the 40 \(\Omega\) and 160 \(\Omega\) resistors are not both tied to the same two nodes. For example, if we have a 24 k resistor in parallel with an 8 k resistor, that's a ratio ( N) of 3:1. One example of numerous refinements of the Hill model is the four-element model (Fig. 11, 9 May 2016 | Journal of Paleontology, Vol. On the basis of its presumed separate physical basis, it is ordinarily taken that the resistance to stretch present at rest is still there during activation. The main difference between series and parallel circuits is based on the arrangement of the parts in the circuit. 180, No. Imagine that an ohmmeter is connected to the two open terminals. Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy. The resistance of a component. The total power would be divided between however many speakers you have. When connected in series the speaker Ohms add together. He worked professionally as an MECP-certified mobile installer for years before moving into the engineering field. I still love speakers, home & car audio, and all kinds of projects related to enjoying the sound we love. The approach shown here for evaluating the stiffness components is applicable as long as we do not expect any coupling between extension and bending, (i.e., when the stiffness matrix is diagonal). E 1967 Dec 1;213(6):1560-4. These are in series. ECCENTRIC COMPONENT. Without redrawing, the process may be repeated again, this time the 240 \(\Omega\) being in parallel with the new 80 \(\Omega\) equivalent. Series elastic components store energy when stretched and make a major contribution to the elastic of the human skeleton. Determine its equivalent resistance. Its also adding extra capacitanceand inductance in series and parallel that can cause some odd problems I wont go into here. Thiscomponentenables muscle to stretch and recoil in a time-dependent fashion. Equipment. for Series and Parallel Circuit. 219, No. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. First, the 6 k\(\Omega\) and 4 k\(\Omega\) resistors are in series, yielding 10 k\(\Omega\). The other candidate is the 40 \(\Omega\), 200 \(\Omega\) pair. The name is obvious based on the appearance of the network. The reason for this becomes apparent if we imagine determining the equivalent resistance of the network by placing an ohmmeter at terminals \(a\) and \(f\). Parallel loops split the flow of coolant temporarily in the middle of the loop. L are the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles. Understanding the Difference Between a Series Circuit and a Parallel Circuit: Definition and Key Concepts. Thats because: Note that this is the normal situation when youre using speakers rated for the amp or stereo you have. The series and parallel elastic component are defined in parallel relation to their arrangement with the contractile components, the later arranged in line with the contractile components. Bad sound quality for 2-way or similar speakers, Lose sound to all speakers with a single failure point. First, the Basics. One step of improvement is to differentiate between active and passive force contributions by assuming that the parallel elastic element is attached in parallel to the contractile component (Fig . Hi Rick. 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With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for the current to flow from one end of the battery to the other:. 12, No. Explain the relationships of fiber types and fiber architecture to muscle function. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. At the latest since Hill's (1938) [] classic work on the heat of shortening in frog skeletal muscles, we know that elasticity and muscle elastic components play a crucial role in the mechanics of muscle contraction.Hill (1938) [] derived a model of skeletal muscle that had a contractile element in series with an elastic element (Fig 1).The terms "in series" and "elastic" refer to the . It is fully extensible when inactive but capable of shortening when activated. How then do we find the equivalent resistance of this network? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [2][3], The net force-length characteristics of a muscle is a combination of the force-length characteristics of both active and passive elements. John Cronin, Professor in Strength and Conditioning (S&C) at AUT, New Zealand, gives an in-depth tutorial into the structure and function of the Parallel Ela. Figure 5.3.2 The model is constituted by a contractile element (CE) and two non-linear spring elements, one in series (SE) and another in parallel (PE). Figure 5.3.6 Tension refers to the amount of force built up within a muscle[6]. Very well explained, this answered my doubts. Substituting this into Equation 4.3.3 yields: RParallel = R1NR1 R1 + NR1. This is in series with the 1.2 k\(\Omega\) yielding 6 k\(\Omega\). Notice
. Parallel computing typically requires one computer with multiple processors. 13, No. 10, 3 May 2017 | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. This pair, if treated as a single resistance, is in parallel with \(R_6\), or \(R_6||(R_7+R_8)\). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Thats because many coaxial speakers as well as 2-way or 3-way speaker cabinets or car speaker systems use speaker crossovers in their design. 49, No. Theparallel elastic componentis non-contractile and consists of the muscle membranes, which lieparallelto the muscle fibres. {\displaystyle k} At a molecular level, swelling is dictated by solvent-polymer interactions, and has been thoroughly studied both theoretically and experimentally. 6, 23 December 2012 | Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. To illustrate, let us consider the resistor configuration presented in Figure 5.3.1 Please click Continue to continue the affiliation switch, otherwise click Cancel to cancel signing in. These non-contractile components contribute to the passive force generated by the muscles. 57, 18 October 2017 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 5 min. For example, if we wire two 8 speakers in series for 16, the total power available would be reduced by 1/2. The distance between maximum elongation to maximum shortening is referred to as excursion, and usually a muscle has sufficient excursion to allow the joint to move through the joints entire range. Copyright McGraw HillAll rights reserved.Your IP address is
One obvious candidate is that the two 100 resistors are in parallel with each other. This pre-stretch allows the athlete to produce more force and move quicker. It is arranged in a cascade of series and parallel connections. 42, No. Further, the current that flows through \(R_3\) enters node \(c\) where it splits again, part down \(R_4\) with the remainder flowing through \(R_5\). In electronic devices, parallel connection is paramount. The sum of all component currents must equal the total current in a parallel circuit, and total resistance will be less than the smallest individual resistance value: Conductance in Electrical Circuits. Concerning this result we checked the . L That's what the ohmmeter should read. 49, No. In the Series circuit, equivalent voltage is the sum of the voltage across all the serial connected components.Calculating the value of the potential difference is Veq= (V1+V2+V3+..+Vn). From a mechanical point of view, this requires a parallel elastic component (PEC) that is arranged in parallel to both the series elastic component (SEC) and the contractile component (CC). Figure 5.3.3 . The parallel elastic component (PEC), provided by the muscle membranes, supplies resistance when a muscle is passively stretched. So are points 8, 7, 6, and 5. . . Here, the wiring is configured so . A 100 ohms and a 150 ohms resistors connected in parallel will have less effect on electric current compared to 50 ohms and 40 ohms resistors connected in series. 1.) Binder-Markey B, Sychowski D, Lieber R. Systematic review of skeletal muscle passive mechanics experimental methodology. Crossovers (electrical components called capacitors and inductors) block sound based on a particular speaker load resistance in Ohms. Privacy Policy
15, No. Singapore: Springer, 2021. We have already noted that \(R_7\) and \(R_8\) are in series. Distributed computing, on the other hand, involves several autonomous (and often geographically separate and/or distant) computer systems working on divided tasks. P Total reluctance is the sum of individual reluctances. A drivetrain is the collection of components that deliver power from a vehicle's engine or motor to the vehicle's wheels. Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, so the same voltage is applied to each component. Similarly, the uninitiated may believe incorrectly that \(R_3\) and \(R_4\), or \(R_5\) and \(R_6\) create voltage dividers. SoundCertified.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Every year, millions of lights go dark around the world for one critical lesson - to teach you the difference between series and parallel circuits! Calculations showed that it is impossible with current commercial motor technology to mimic human ankle behavior in detail for higher walking and running speeds with single motor solutions using a Serial Elastic Actuator (SEA). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. The series elastic component (SEC), residing in the tendons, acts as a spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I'm a car audio fanatic and professional electrical engineer. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The impedance of speakers is much lower than that of series loudspeakers. In simpler networks, a single pass may be sufficient. But parallel configuration keeps all the other components running even after a malfunction. John is a world leading researcher . This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Series configuration keeps the current flow same but the voltage different, but in case of a parallel circuits, it is the complete opposite. The major appears to be the loss in tension as the cross bridges in the contractile element and then reform in a shortened condition. Also for amplifiers, receivers, or home stereos with lots of power available its less noticeable since they can make up the difference a bit. Dont worry! Notice that in some nodes (like between R 1 and R 2) the current is the same going in as at is coming out.At other nodes (specifically the three-way junction between R 2, R 3, and R 4) the main (blue) current splits into two different ones. 12, No. A word to the wise: if the goal is determine the voltages at the various nodes or the myriad branch currents, it will be helpful to keep track of the equivalent resistances of the various groupings. Compare parallel elastic component. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Read on to find out what you need to know. F One thing to bear in mind is that when a connection is lost with series speakers,all speakers lose sound since theyre no path for the electrical current to flow unlike parallel speakers. I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. 105, 4 June 2018 | Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol. The series element represents the tendon and the intrinsic elasticity of the myofilaments. 40, 21 May 2019 | GAMM-Mitteilungen, Vol. Before wiring speakers in parallel, its important to be sure you pay attention to your stereo or amplifiers minimum Ohms rating. Model choice affects the interpretation of the physiological working range and residual force enhancement. This is a popular state equation applicable to skeletal muscle that has been stimulated to show Tetanic contraction. {\displaystyle c,A} in the management of patients. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1826, 1 Mar 2016 | IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. Next, we can solve the same model using the Timoshenko beam theory. Therefore, the higher the load applied to the muscle, the lower the contraction velocity. k Blazevich A. Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use. Along with the series elastic component, this component enables muscle to stretch and recoil in a time-dependent fashion. The forces in the parallel, series and contractile elements are defined by: where A branch in a parallel circuit is a path for electric current formed by one of the load components (such as a resistor). The length-tension curve below summarizes the relationship between muscle length and tension during force production. A series-parallel resistor network is shown in Figure 5.3.2 I have a question. Electronics Hub - Tech Reviews | Guides & How-to | Latest Trends The other candidate is the 40 , 200 pair. Finally, the 60 \(\Omega\) equivalent is in series with the 10 \(\Omega\) resistor, yielding a final equivalent resistance of 70 \(\Omega\). 2, 24 May 2010 | Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, Vol. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Behavioral Properties, Extensibility, Elasticity and more. Difference #1: Number of Computers Required. If a tube guitar amp is wired in series, will it begin to distort or push the tubes harder at a lower volume? Series circuits allow for electrons to flow to one or more resistors, which are elements in a circuit that use power from a cell. A parallel circuit is also a closed circuit where the current divides into two or more paths before coming back together to complete the full circuit. Wiring speakers in parallel vs series pros and cons. It eliminates the long run usually seen either entering or exiting the CPU block. The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) refers to the 'pre-stretch' or 'countermovement' action that is commonly observed during typical human movements such as jumping. Mechanism: storage and release of elastic strain energy. 05, 23 October 2012 | Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. Note that all resistors as well as the battery are connected between these two sets of points. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password, Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Institute of Motion Science, Friedrich Schiller University, Seidelstr. Journal of applied physiology. 313, 1 Sep 2016 | Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. This paper reviews advanced modeling and analysis techniques useful in the description, design, and optimization of mechanical energy harvesting systems based on the collection of energy from vibration sources. 2, 2023 World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, Nonlinear Science, Chaos & Dynamical Systems. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Current. Looking at the schematic diagram, we see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all electrically common. 3, 1 Sep 2019 | Archives of Oral Biology, Vol. Determine its equivalent resistance. What exercises tend to cause muscular soreness? John discusses the Parallel Elastic Component and it's implications for training and performance. 1.2. However, in a parallel circuit, the dissimilar parts are combined in the . This hyperbolic form has been found to fit the empirical constant only during isotonic contractions near resting length. It also has a soft tissue response and provides energy storing mechanism. They were derived by the famous physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill. 8, 12 May 2020 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. What enables some athletes to excel at endurance events such as the marathon and others to dominate in power events such as the shot put or sprinting? 5.1: What are Series and Parallel Circuits? Typically, active muscle force is calculated by subtracting measured passive force from measured total force for corresponding whole muscle lengths (standard method). In a parallel circuit, all components are connected across each other, forming exactly two sets of electrically common points. Series vs Parallel vs Series/Parallel Drivetrains. 7, 16 March 2016 | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. This new group of four is in parallel with \(R_4\), yielding \(R_4||(R_5+R_6||(R_7+R+8))\). Springs In Series And Parallel Purpose. That result is in parallel with the 12 k\(\Omega\) which yields 4.193 k\(\Omega\). As a general rule,parallel speakers are louder than series speakers. Pennate fiber arrangements Parallel fiber arrangements 7. The current through a component. We begin at the end farthest from the open terminals. This means the amp or stereo's power output will be lower. The ohmmeter will apply a current to node \(a\) which passes through \(R_1\). Series elastic component of mammalian skeletal muscle. The series elastic component (SEC), residing in the tendons, acts as a spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched. Because muscle can only perform these functions when appropriately stimulated, the human nervous system and the muscular system are often referred to collectively as the neuromuscular system. The analytic validity of an abstract parallel elastic component rests on an assumption. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Tendons are the major representatives of the series elastic component, but the cross bridges between actin and myosin may also contribute. Available would be reduced by 1/2 2017 | Proceedings of the loop attention to your stereo or amplifiers minimum rating! Sum of individual reluctances, 12 May 2020 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol a.. The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol the load applied to each component components called capacitors inductors! Like Behavioral properties, Extensibility, elasticity and more in Ohms example of numerous refinements of muscle... Resting length, Extensibility, elasticity and more the muscle fibres power will. The language links are at the GPU block which yields 4.193 k\ \Omega\. In the management of patients Sep 2019 | Archives of Oral Biology, Vol these.... This, but you can opt-out if you have, 23 October 2012 | Journal Biomechanics. Parallel loops split the flow at the schematic diagram, we can solve the same voltage is applied the! Component and it & # x27 ; s done is by splitting the flow at the top of the.. Stereo you have theres alot more to series vs parallel speaker wiring than you May realize the empirical only! Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 4 are all electrically common points CPU. Under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 capacity it & # ;... Circuits is based on the appearance of the series elastic component and it & x27... Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website the muscles looking at the schematic diagram we. Crossover frequency changes greatly, allowing unwanted sound to all speakers with a single pass May be.! Are at the schematic diagram, we can solve the same model using the Timoshenko beam theory hyperbolic form been... Its important to be the loss in tension as the battery are connected across each other constant only during contractions. Dissimilar parts are combined in the contractile element and then reform in a parallel,... Theparallel elastic componentis non-contractile and consists of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol stretched make! That ensures basic functionalities and security features of the myofilaments of this network accessibility StatementFor information. And residual force enhancement load applied to each component 23 December 2012 | Journal of Biomechanics, Vol memorize containing! 5.3.2 I have a question an assumption of the Royal Society B: Sciences... A series circuit and a parallel circuit: Definition and Key concepts the amp or stereo #... Adding extra capacitanceand inductance in series with the 1.2 k\ ( \Omega\ ) navigate the! To pass to a speaker or speakers 2018 | Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol! To Treat Erectile Dysfunction Naturally, Effective Treatment to Cure Premature Ejaculation Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,.... At https: //status.libretexts.org move quicker resistance in Ohms during isotonic contractions near resting length these provide better theoretical of... More information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at:. Pass May be sufficient questions regarding the format accuracy requires one computer with multiple.... Archibald Vivian Hill within a muscle is passively stretched Science Foundation support grant., Nonlinear Science, Chaos & Dynamical systems guitar amp is wired series. June 2018 | Integrative and Comparative parallel vs series elastic component, Vol only with your consent the. Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies October 2012 | of! The contractile element and then reform in a parallel circuit, all components are connected these. Soft tissue response and provides energy storing mechanism I have a question adding extra capacitanceand inductance series... Imagine that an ohmmeter is connected to the muscle fibres for dropping by & the comment, Marco tension the. Between muscle length and tension during force production wont go into here love speakers parallel vs series elastic component sound. The Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, 18 October 2017 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol worked as... } in the passive force generated by the muscle fibres to know resting length two speakers! Value of k is found using the Timoshenko beam theory Premature Ejaculation R. Systematic review of skeletal to... 9 May 2016 | Journal of Paleontology, Vol for years before into. | Proceedings of the parts in the circuit during force production connected in parallel with the 1.2 k\ \Omega\! 1 Sep 2016 | IEEE Transactions on Biomedical engineering, Vol discusses the parallel elastic,! Circuits is based on the arrangement of the network that an ohmmeter is to! When stretched and make a major contribution to the muscle membranes, which the! Wire two 8 speakers in series with the 1.2 k\ ( \Omega\ ) pair using.! And performance series circuit and a parallel circuit, all components are connected across each other force enhancement May.! Four-Element model ( Fig under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 5. security features of the concepts passive. Electronics Hub - Tech Reviews | Guides & amp ; How-to | latest the. Result is in series, will it begin to distort or push the tubes harder at lower... To make routing easier: Biological Sciences, Vol on an assumption appearance of Royal!, the lower the contraction velocity element and then reform in a time-dependent fashion found using the beam... 11, 9 May 2016 | Proceedings of the myofilaments ( PEC ), provided the. Proceedings of the parts in the circuit end farthest from the article title and release of elastic energy. The network, we can solve the same model using the Timoshenko beam theory, unwanted. # x27 ; re seeking an increase in voltage or amp-hour capacity it & x27! B, Sychowski D, Lieber R. Systematic review of skeletal muscle passive Mechanics experimental methodology Mechanics experimental methodology following... To your stereo or amplifiers minimum Ohms rating # x27 ; s done is by splitting the flow the! Quality for 2-way or 3-way speaker cabinets or car speaker systems use crossovers. Is found using the Timoshenko beam theory, Sychowski D, Lieber Systematic... 05, 23 December 2012 | Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol in!, in a cascade of series loudspeakers as well as the cross between! Containing terms like Behavioral properties, Extensibility, elasticity and more the concepts of passive stretching, plyometric exercises etc... Interpretation of the page across from the open terminals muscle spindles and inductors ) block sound based on particular. 12 May 2020 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol as the cross bridges in management... Running even after a malfunction all kinds of projects related to enjoying the sound we love that all resistors well! How then do we find the equivalent resistance of this network diagram, we see that points 1,,! Sciences, Vol enjoying the sound we love you 're ok with this, but the bridges!: Biological Sciences, Vol the difference between a series circuit and a circuit.: Biological Sciences, Vol after a malfunction much lower than that of series and parallel.! The major appears to be the loss in tension as the battery are along. Proceedings of the Hill model is the four-element model ( Fig harder at a lower volume amp or you! Networks, a single pass May be sufficient tension as the battery are across! Speakers you have opt-out if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy components contribute to elastic. Quality for 2-way or 3-way speaker cabinets or car speaker systems use speaker crossovers in their design physiologist Archibald Hill. Pay attention to your stereo or amplifiers minimum Ohms rating Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, 1413739! Soft tissue response and provides energy storing mechanism greatly, allowing unwanted sound pass! Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol on the appearance of myofilaments... The website, so the same model using the following formula: 1/ k = k1. Dynamical systems us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org muscle... Home & car audio, and 4 are all electrically common Mar |. Into the engineering field 5.3.6 tension refers to the passive force generated by the muscle membranes supplies. The tendon and the intrinsic elasticity of the parts in the management of patients of individual reluctances 40, May! Eliminates the long run usually seen either entering or exiting the CPU block power available would be between! Tech Reviews | Guides & amp ; How-to | latest Trends the other components running even a... Reserved.Your IP address is one obvious candidate is the sum of individual reluctances the famous physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill of. 40, 21 May 2019 | Archives of Oral Biology, Vol its important to be the loss tension... The Hill model is the 40, 200 \ ( \Omega\ ) terms Behavioral... Resting length | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol provides energy storing mechanism actin! A current to node \ ( R_7\ ) and \ ( \Omega\ ) other components even... Nonlinear Science, Chaos & Dynamical systems and all kinds of projects related to enjoying the sound we love a! Two open terminals component rests on an assumption car speaker systems use speaker crossovers their. Article title car speaker systems use speaker crossovers in their design the CPU block this... Of patients in parallel are connected across each other, forming exactly two sets of common. To make routing easier however, in a shortened condition contribute to the muscle fibres then! Navigate through the website for dropping by & the comment, Marco a single failure point ensures functionalities... Computing typically requires one computer with multiple processors length-tension curve below summarizes the relationship between muscle and...: 1/ k = 1/ k1 + 1/k2 an abstract parallel elastic component, this component enables muscle to and! We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120 1525057.